Arthritis is one of the most common long-term health conditions in the UK. It affects millions of people and is a leading cause of joint pain, stiffness and reduced mobility.
Although arthritis is often associated with ageing, it can affect adults of all ages and occasionally younger people too.
The term arthritis does not refer to a single disease. Instead, it describes a group of conditions that cause inflammation, damage or degeneration of the joints. The two most common types are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, which have different causes and treatments.
This guide explains arthritis, including the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, common symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options in the UK and when to seek medical advice.
What is arthritis?
Arthritis occurs when joints become inflamed, damaged or worn, leading to pain, stiffness, swelling and reduced movement.
Joints are where two bones meet. They rely on cartilage, joint fluid, ligaments, tendons and muscles to move smoothly. When these structures become damaged or inflamed, movement can become painful and difficult.
Arthritis commonly affects the:
- knees
- hips
- hands
- wrists
- feet
- spine
- shoulders
Over time, untreated or poorly controlled arthritis can affect mobility, work, sleep and quality of life. However, many treatments are available to help control symptoms, protect joints and maintain independence.
The NHS provides an overview of arthritis and related conditions.
The two most common types of arthritis
There are many types of arthritis, but osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis account for a large proportion of cases. Understanding the difference matters because treatment is not the same.
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis in the UK. It is often described as a wear-and-repair condition rather than simply “wear and tear”.
It happens when the protective cartilage that covers the ends of bones becomes damaged over time. Cartilage normally allows joints to move smoothly and absorb shock. When it deteriorates, the joint can become painful, stiff and less flexible.
Osteoarthritis most often affects weight-bearing joints such as the knees and hips, although it can also affect the hands, spine, feet and shoulders.
Common symptoms of osteoarthritis
People with osteoarthritis may experience:
- joint pain during or after activity
- stiffness, often after rest or first thing in the morning
- reduced flexibility or movement
- grinding, clicking or creaking sensations
- mild swelling around the joint
- joint tenderness
- symptoms that develop gradually over time
Morning stiffness in osteoarthritis is usually shorter than in inflammatory arthritis, often easing within minutes once the joint starts moving.
You can read more about joint-specific symptoms in our guides to knee pain causes and treatment, lower back pain and sports injuries.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease rather than a wear-related condition.
In rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system mistakenly attacks the lining of the joints, causing inflammation and swelling. Over time, this inflammation can damage cartilage, bone and surrounding tissues.
Unlike osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis often affects multiple joints at the same time and commonly starts in the hands, wrists or feet. It often affects both sides of the body in a symmetrical pattern.
Versus Arthritis explains that rheumatoid arthritis occurs when the immune system attacks the joints, causing pain, swelling and stiffness.
Common symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis
People with rheumatoid arthritis may experience:
- joint swelling and warmth
- morning stiffness lasting longer than 30 minutes
- pain in several joints
- symmetrical joint pain on both sides of the body
- fatigue and general tiredness
- reduced grip strength
- loss of joint function over time
- flare-ups where symptoms become worse
Rheumatoid arthritis can also affect other parts of the body, including the eyes, lungs, blood vessels and general energy levels. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to reduce the risk of long-term joint damage.
Osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis: key differences
| Feature | Osteoarthritis | Rheumatoid arthritis |
|---|---|---|
| Main cause | Joint wear, repair changes and mechanical stress | Autoimmune inflammation |
| Typical onset | Gradual over years | Can develop over weeks or months |
| Common joints | Knees, hips, hands, spine | Hands, wrists, feet, multiple joints |
| Morning stiffness | Usually short-lived | Often lasts longer than 30 minutes |
| Swelling and warmth | May be mild | Often more prominent |
| Treatment aim | Reduce pain, improve movement and function | Control immune inflammation and prevent damage |
What causes arthritis?
The causes depend on the type of arthritis.
Causes and risk factors for osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis develops when joints become damaged and the body’s repair processes cannot fully restore normal joint structure.
Risk factors include:
- older age
- previous joint injury
- being overweight
- repetitive heavy physical work
- joint surgery in the past
- family history
- reduced muscle strength around a joint
- some sports injuries
Previous fractures, ligament injuries, meniscus injuries or surgery can increase the risk of osteoarthritis later in life.
Causes and risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by a malfunction of the immune system. Instead of only protecting the body from infection, immune cells attack healthy joint tissue.
The exact cause is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Risk factors include:
- family history
- smoking
- female sex
- certain immune system factors
- possibly some environmental triggers
Smoking is one of the clearest modifiable risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis and can also affect treatment response.
How arthritis is diagnosed in the UK
Diagnosis usually begins with a GP, physiotherapist, pharmacist or other appropriate healthcare professional, depending on symptoms and local services.
A clinician may ask about:
- which joints are affected
- how long symptoms have been present
- whether symptoms came on suddenly or gradually
- morning stiffness and how long it lasts
- swelling, warmth or redness
- fatigue or general symptoms
- previous injuries
- family history
- work, sport and daily activities
- medications and other health conditions
The examination may check swelling, tenderness, warmth, range of motion, strength and how the affected joint works during movement.
Blood tests
Blood tests may be used when inflammatory arthritis is suspected. They can check inflammation markers and antibodies associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
Blood tests are usually less helpful for diagnosing straightforward osteoarthritis, where symptoms, examination and X-rays may be more relevant.
X-rays, ultrasound and MRI
X-rays can show joint space narrowing, bone changes and damage typical of osteoarthritis.
Ultrasound or MRI may be used to detect inflammation, tendon problems, early joint changes or soft tissue damage.
If imaging is being considered, see ultrasound vs CT vs MRI, what an MRI scan shows and how to understand scan results.
Referral to a specialist
People with suspected rheumatoid arthritis or another inflammatory arthritis are often referred to a rheumatologist. Early referral matters because prompt treatment can reduce long-term joint damage.
People with severe joint damage, persistent pain or loss of function may be referred to orthopaedics, especially when surgery is being considered.
For more detail, read how hospital referrals work in the UK.
Treatment options for arthritis
Arthritis cannot always be cured, but many treatments can reduce symptoms, slow progression and improve quality of life. The right treatment depends on the type of arthritis.
Lifestyle changes
Lifestyle changes are often a core part of arthritis management, especially for osteoarthritis.
Helpful steps include:
- regular physical activity
- strengthening muscles around affected joints
- low-impact exercise such as walking, swimming or cycling
- weight management where relevant
- pacing activities to avoid boom-and-bust patterns
- using supportive footwear
- improving sleep and general health
- stopping smoking, especially for rheumatoid arthritis
Exercise can feel difficult when joints hurt, but the right type and amount of movement usually helps maintain mobility and function.
Physiotherapy
Physiotherapy can help people improve movement, reduce pain and build confidence with activity.
A physiotherapist may provide:
- strengthening exercises
- mobility exercises
- balance and stability work
- walking and gait advice
- joint protection strategies
- activity pacing advice
- support returning to work or sport
Exercises often focus on improving joint stability and strengthening the muscles that protect painful joints.
Pain relief and anti-inflammatory medicines
Medicines are often used to control pain and inflammation. Options may include topical anti-inflammatory gels, tablets, or other medicines recommended by a clinician.
Anti-inflammatory tablets are not suitable for everyone, especially people with stomach ulcers, kidney disease, heart disease, high blood pressure, asthma triggered by NSAIDs or certain medications. A pharmacist, GP or specialist can advise.
Treatments for rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis treatment aims to control the immune system activity that drives joint inflammation.
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, often called DMARDs, are commonly used to slow disease progression and reduce joint damage. Some people may need biologic or targeted medicines if standard treatments are not enough.
These treatments are usually prescribed and monitored by rheumatology teams, with regular blood tests and follow-up.
Steroid injections
Steroid injections into or around a joint can reduce inflammation and pain in selected cases. They may be used for flare-ups, joint inflammation or pain that is not settling with other measures.
They are not a cure and may not be suitable for repeated use in every joint, so decisions should be individualised.
Surgical treatment
When arthritis causes severe joint damage and other treatments no longer help, surgery may be considered.
Joint replacement surgery can significantly improve mobility and quality of life for people with advanced osteoarthritis.
Common procedures include:
These operations replace damaged joint surfaces with artificial components that restore movement and reduce pain.
NHS and private treatment options
NHS care
Arthritis care in the UK may involve GPs, physiotherapists, pharmacists, rheumatologists, orthopaedic surgeons, pain services and occupational therapists.
NHS care is especially important for suspected rheumatoid arthritis because early specialist treatment can prevent long-term joint damage.
Private care
Some people choose private physiotherapy, private imaging, private rheumatology or private orthopaedic assessment for faster access or more flexible appointments.
Private costs vary depending on consultation fees, scans, blood tests, injections, medication monitoring, surgery and follow-up.
For a broader comparison, read NHS vs private healthcare in the UK.
Living with arthritis
Many people live active and fulfilling lives with arthritis. Learning how to manage symptoms effectively is key to maintaining independence.
Helpful strategies include:
- staying active within sensible limits
- using pacing rather than doing too much on good days
- building strength gradually
- using heat or cold packs if helpful
- adapting tasks to reduce joint strain
- using aids such as jar openers or walking sticks when useful
- planning rest around demanding activities
- seeking support for mood, sleep or work problems
Support groups and patient organisations can provide practical advice and emotional support. Versus Arthritis is a well-known UK source of arthritis information and support.
When to seek medical advice
Joint pain that lasts more than a few weeks should be assessed by a healthcare professional, especially if it affects daily activities.
Seek advice if you have:
- persistent joint pain
- joint swelling
- warmth or redness around a joint
- morning stiffness lasting longer than 30 minutes
- several joints affected at once
- symptoms on both sides of the body
- fatigue with joint pain
- reduced grip strength
- difficulty walking, working or sleeping because of joint pain
- joint pain after an injury that does not improve
Early diagnosis is particularly important for rheumatoid arthritis because prompt treatment can prevent long-term joint damage.
If you are struggling to access help, see how to get a GP appointment quickly in the UK.
FAQ: arthritis in the UK
What is arthritis?
Arthritis is a group of conditions that cause joint pain, stiffness, swelling or damage. The two most common types are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
What is the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?
Osteoarthritis is usually linked to joint wear, repair changes and mechanical stress. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks the joints.
What are the early signs of arthritis?
Early signs may include joint pain, stiffness, swelling, reduced movement, tenderness, warmth or symptoms that make daily activities harder.
How do I know if joint pain is rheumatoid arthritis?
Rheumatoid arthritis is more likely if several joints are swollen, symptoms affect both sides of the body, morning stiffness lasts longer than 30 minutes, or fatigue is present.
Can arthritis be cured?
Many types of arthritis cannot be fully cured, but symptoms can often be controlled. Rheumatoid arthritis treatment can slow disease progression, while osteoarthritis care focuses on pain, movement and function.
Is exercise good for arthritis?
Yes. The right exercise can strengthen muscles, improve joint stability and maintain mobility. Low-impact exercise such as walking, swimming and cycling is often helpful.
What is the best pain relief for arthritis?
The best option depends on the type of arthritis, other health conditions and medications. Topical gels, tablets, injections, physiotherapy and lifestyle changes may all play a role.
When should I see a doctor about arthritis?
See a healthcare professional if joint pain lasts more than a few weeks, joints are swollen or warm, morning stiffness is prolonged, or symptoms affect work, sleep or daily life.
Can arthritis affect the hands?
Yes. Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis can both affect the hands. Carpal tunnel syndrome can also occur alongside inflammatory conditions. See our guide to carpal tunnel syndrome.
Can arthritis lead to surgery?
Yes, in severe cases. Joint replacement surgery may be considered when arthritis causes severe pain, loss of function and joint damage that no longer responds to other treatment.
Is rheumatoid arthritis serious?
It can be serious if untreated because ongoing inflammation may damage joints and affect other parts of the body. Early diagnosis and specialist treatment are important.
Can weight loss help arthritis?
For people who are overweight, weight loss can reduce stress on weight-bearing joints such as the knees and hips and may improve pain and mobility.
Final takeaway
Arthritis is common, but it does not have to mean giving up an active life. With the right combination of treatment, lifestyle changes and medical support, many people manage symptoms and maintain good mobility.
Understanding the type of arthritis involved is the first step toward finding the most effective treatment plan. Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis can feel similar at first, but they need different approaches.
If joint pain, swelling or stiffness is affecting daily life, speaking with a GP, physiotherapist or specialist can help identify the cause and guide you towards the right care.
